'Urban heat island' is an increase in temperature in urban areas, usually at night. The effect of the urban heat island is to increase the risk of heat-related deaths and illnesses.

The research was carried out by scientists at the University of Madrid. The results were published in the journal "Science of the Total Environment", published by the European Council of Research in Energy and Natural Resources (ECREN) The study also looked at the impact of the heat island on the health of people living in the urban areas.